Types of Computer Crimes

Computer crimes refer to the use of information technology for illegal purposes or for unauthorized access of a computer system where the intent is to damage, delete or alter the data present in the computer. Even identity thefts, misusing devices or electronic frauds are considered to be computer crimes.

Here is a list of different types of computer crimes.

o Hacking: This involves gaining unauthorized access into a computer system. Usually hackers are able to get through the security capabilities of a computer system and once they are in, they have unlimited access to confidential information and data stored in the computer. Today, hacking of IP addresses is very common as it allows the hacker to assume a false online identity and conduct criminal transactions without revealing his true identity.

Types of Computer Crimes

o Phishing: This is a common computer crime is the United States. Here emails are sent to gullible users that make them believe that the emails are from authentic sites. The users are passed onto fake websites where they enter their confidential data like usernames, passwords and credit card details. The fake websites look and feel real and that is why many people get fooled into entering sensitive information.

o Computer Viruses: These are actually computer programs that are capable of replicating themselves and harming computer systems present in a network. These viruses work without the knowledge of the users and spread from one computer to another through the network, Internet or removable devices like CDs and USB drives. Writing computer virus is a criminal activity and is punishable by law.

o Identity Theft: This one of the most serious frauds in today's word. It involves stealing money and getting benefits by using an identity of another person. This also includes the use of someone else's credit card details to purchase good and services. It has been seen that blackmail and terrorism often employ identity theft.

o Cyberstalking: This is using the Internet to stalk a person just like someone world do in the real world. Here the stalker sends emails, spreads false information or issues threats using the Internet. Cyberstalking is also used to prey on unsuspecting children and women.

Types of Computer Crimes
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Emotional Memory

As the years pass, you build up a collection of good and bad memories. Your brain has the ability to recall these memories at the drop of a hat - almost instantly. As an example, read the following questions and watch how fast your brain pulls the recollection: Name some songs by the Beatles. What was the last movie you saw? Where were you on 9/11? Where were you when the OJ verdict was announced? Who is the president of the United States? Who was your first kiss? As you can see, your brain instantly finds a memory when a question is asked.

There are several types of memory, each with different time courses that involve different parts of the brain. One kind of memory that is easy to recognize is that of short-term vs. long-term memory. Short-term memory is fast and takes no more than several minutes to recall. Short-term memory reflects your ability to recall specifics, the particulars of what went on. However, such memories fade quickly. Long-term memory extends beyond those several minutes, to hours, days and years in the past. Another kind of memory is called working memory, which is usually associated with short-term memory. Working memory is the ability to hold facts or details of events in the forefront of your thoughts.

All types of memory are interconnected and pathways in your brain. When you experience a very significant event, the brain records not only the details of the experience (where you were, when, who was there, what happened, etc.) but the emotions you experienced at the time as well. The entire memory of an emotional event (an assault, an automobile accident, a wedding, death of a loved one, a combat experience, etc.) is actually remembered by several systems and stored in separate areas of the brain. That is to say that memory is distributed throughout the brain. No single region of the brain has any one of these types of memory completely embedded in it. Instead, each type of memory involves several areas of the brain acting from different regions, where information is brought together, processed and then re-distributed to where your memories are permanently housed. This happens simultaneously, with all of the regions being activated and processing at the same time, so memories are recalled before you even have it concentrate.

Emotional Memory

Ever wonder why some memories can stay vivid for years while others fade with time? The answer is emotion. Your memory will only hold on to new information (working memory) gained from these events for about five days (this is your short-term memory). Memories that are not significant are usually forgotten or "dumped" and erased after this five-day waiting period (this is the time taken to transfer events from short to long term memory). The brain will learn or memorize all kinds of information with frequent repetition and constant use. However, if a memory containing only facts is not frequently used, the memory slowly fades away. You can store and create memory, as when memorizing spelling words or learning math. For example: 1) Can you calculate square root by hand? 2) Do you remember the names of all your high school teachers or classmates? In the second question, chances are you can remember those who also have emotional memories attached to them. What I mean is that when your emotions are activate, your brain automatically takes note. That is why you remember some events from the past with vivid detail, particularly the ones that were emotionally charged (like a favorite possession, an unjust punishment or first love). For example, I remember when I was able to tie my shoes for the first time. I can still recall how I ran to my mother and proudly showed her my accomplishment. It was an emotion-filled moment, but also provided useful information that I have carried on to this day, which is why it is still so vivid in my memory.

Humans are hardwired to remember things that threaten or are very rewarding to them. You have learned that what is threatening may be painful and what is rewarding may offer pleasure. These pleasures and pains trigger emotions that elevate the status of any would-be memory. This makes a lot of sense in evolutionary terms: emotional events would be biologically significant. Many survival lessons involve emotion, such as fear, anger or joy and your memory is enhanced by hormones that are released when you experience a strong emotion or stress. This explains why emotional arousal has such a powerful influence on how well you remember things.

What is so important about this? Well, in daily living, especially during times of stress, your memory is very important. Your memory is active every second of your life. It can be controlled when you try and memorize something. Yet your memory is primarily unconscious, in that it works automatically beyond your control and awareness. But the key point is that it can change your mood within two minutes. Perhaps, you have injured your knee in an accident and whenever the memory is reactivated in your mind, the knee may begin to throb with pain and discomfort. The strength of the memory is associated with the intensity of the event. This can trigger your body to react as it did at the time of your experience. So whenever you see and or hear about an accident, or even watch one in a movie, your memory triggers painful tension in your knee.

Emotional memories re-create your original emotional response. A sight, a sound, or even a smell can bring back the joy, fear, love, or hate that you have associated with it. You may not remember all of your many trips to the grocery store or gas station. However, you will always remember times which have a good or bad value attached to them, such as the time a store was robbed when you were there, the time an old lady threatened you over a parking spot, or the time you spilled gasoline all over your clothes in one of those self-serve pumps. You don't remember washing your car unless that spray wand just about gave you a skull fracture. In short, if a daily memory does not have a strong emotional value, it is faded out. The problem is that you can give an ordinary, harmless, experience greater emotional value then it really deserves.

When you get upset, scared, angry, or nervous without any identifiable cause it is a sign that your feelings are being "triggered" by the memory of a past situation. When people feel a strong emotion, the emotional brain (amygdala) remembers it, along with many other details connected with the event. Even things that are indirectly related to the event can trigger the old feeling without our even being aware that this is happening. The emotional brain (amygdala) takes in all kinds of impressions like sights, smells, tastes, and sounds and uses a "fast track circuit" to try to find a match with something that happened before. The mind is constantly looking for patterns, which are stronger and have better developed pathways in the brain. As an example, an adult who has had a bad first marriage may automatically trigger an emotional memory of jealousy any time his wife mentions, "I might be late". The anxiety in that statement causes his brain to search for a memory and recalls a feeling of jealousy from his first marriage. If the husband dwells on this feeling, he will become insecure, jealous, and suspicious for no reason in the present.

This raises the important point that the brain doesn't know if an experience is real or imagined! How can this be you may ask? Well, the brain creates memories based on information it is given, usually through your senses but sometimes through your thoughts. If you are in the same room with your sweetheart, it will give you that warm, romantic feeling. However, looking at their picture and thinking about them will do the same thing, even though they are not present. Even better, simply thinking about them will produce the same feelings (triggering the same emotional memory). The brain only reacts to the thought or sense, it doesn't care how it receives that feeling or information, be it by physical presence, by reminders (pictures), or by "thought".

When an emotional memory is triggered, you will say the same things, feel the same intensity of emotion, and behave the same way that you did at the time the memory was created. That is to say, you will respond to today as if it was a different time or place in your life. The emotional experiences you have endured resurface and are replayed when you perceive an event in the present as emotionally similar to something for your past. As a result you may become defensive and lash out with anger or withdrawn and avoid confrontation out of sadness or fear. Many of these reactions, however, are not appropriate for the current situation. These reactions are based on past relationships and emotional experiences, causing you erupt or melt down in the form of crying, yelling, panic or violence.

People that are shy and introverted tell therapists that when they enter a restaurant, people look at them, creating anxiety. It's true, but it applies to everyone, not just those who are shy. When anything enters your visual field, you unconsciously begin scanning it. A person walking into a room is "scanned" by almost everyone else and that automatic scanning procedure takes about two seconds. The unconscious mind is looking for two things 1) to see if you have a memory or point of reference for comparison and 2) to protect you for any signs of danger. If the new individual is odd looking, carrying a weapon, or naked, the brain will start a full-scan and react accordingly (long stare, fright, or "Don't I know you?). Individuals with physical features that are unusual lead to the common "double take" where you will first unconsciously scan for safety and reference, then look again consciously to examine and analyze. These references are designed to help you, as when remembering an old friend, the location of the store in a mall, or when remembering needed facts/details.

Let's say you can't stand the smell of fresh asphalt. This may be because you had a bad crash on your bike on fresh asphalt when you were younger. You may or may not even remember the crash, but your body does, and it links that smell with the crash. A dog bit one of my clients when he was young. The bite hurt, and my client was frightened. The event became stored in his emotional memory. As a teenager, the sight of a dog-even a gentle one-still triggered a feeling of fear and hesitation. When my client sees a dog now, his brain instantaneously compares the image of the dog with his past memories through the fast track circuit. The brain finds a match-with the memory of "dog" and getting bitten-and triggers a feeling of fear. This feeling then affects how his brain perceives the dog. He reacts with a fear of dogs without knowing why. The information about the dog goes to the brain through another pathway-the "slow track circuit." If the different parts of your brains are working well together, the brain can then tell that everything is OK. It's a friendly dog, and there is no reason to feel threatened. However, even if this happens, the initial reaction has already sent signals down my client's nerves causing stress hormones to be released into his body.

Of course, such memories do not happen just with dogs. They happen with all of your past situations, including your relationships with other people-and places and situations that have left deep impressions on you. A person with a certain kind of walk or body type might cause you to feel fear because he reminds you of someone who once bullied you. The smell of a hot dog can make you nauseous because you came down with a stomach flu after eating one once. You may dislike people with red hair because of that one red-headed person who once picked on you. And the list goes on.

Your emotional response to a memory begins 90 to 120 seconds after a memory surfaces. For example, recall when you were told about the death of a loved one. The first two minutes of the conversation may have gone well, but then you become sad. If this memory remains in your attention, the feelings from the funeral and bereavement will surface today. Your mind then recalls other experiences of loss, unfairness, or guilt that is associated with what was felt at the time of your initial grief. In this way what was unconscious become conscious. You are now mindful of a memory, which was dormant and now has sprung to life. And the longer the memory is available in your awareness, the stronger the emotional component becomes, to the point that you may begin to cry. Famous actors and actresses have known this method for years. If they want to cry on stage, they can recall a painful memory from their personal life and within 90 seconds, tears are flowing.

When a memory comes to your awareness, it is as though you have placed a disc in a DVD player. The disc begins playing and you hear the same discussion or feel the same feelings over and over. Husbands and wives refer to this sometimes as "broken record" conversations. You may get the same lectures, the same anger, the same resentment, the same everything - it's all on the disc. For example, a couple can be discussing whether they have enough money to purchase a new computer. The wife mentions using a particular credit card - that triggers a memory in her husband, hitting the play button on the "credit card" disc. At that point, the husband launches into a long story about credit cards, high interest, harassing letters, and so forth. When that memory is pulled up, a discussion about the computer becomes useless. While you may try to remain business-like and focus on a topic of discussion, you can't help but think of the past.

You know when an emotional memory is trigged if the emotional reaction is far above what would be expected from the situation. If the listener has the general idea that the conversation doesn't make sense, you're probably listening to someone talk about emotions from the past. For example, a husband and wife meet an old boyfriend or girlfriend at the supermarket. Suddenly, there's a gigantic reaction complete with jealousy, suspiciousness, and anger. Many recollections begin with, "We've talked about this before," "When I was young..." and so on. References to the past are almost always related to an emotional memory. For example, teenagers have difficulty, understanding why a simple request for money leads into a long discussion of dad's collecting pop bottles for money during his youth. The key is the phrase, "When I was your age..." This kind of memory error is known as persistence. Persistence is not the loss of memory, nor is it the distortion of memory. A person suffering from persistence is doomed to remember events that he or she would prefer to forget and are frequently making references to the past. Persistence is often seen in post-traumatic stress disorder. After a traumatic event, such a violent attack or a rape, people often re-experience their memories of the event. Trauma victims seem to lose control over the retrieval of their trauma-related memories, so that the memories are constantly being pulled into awareness by the slightest trigger. Persistence can occur in non-traumatic situations as well. Depressed individuals are often bothered by negative memories that intrude when they are not wanted.

One of the most common situations in which emotional memory is created is in physical or mental trauma. Many of us have experienced trauma in our life. Traumatic emotional memories can be created by physical assaults, combat experiences, crime, death of a loved one, viewing severe accidents, surgery, or brush-with-death experiences. In trauma, the brain not only memorizes everything about the event - including the emotions - but adds the surroundings as well. If you are assaulted in your home, suddenly your home is no longer comfortable due to the memories it produces. A severe automobile accident may prompt you to quit driving completely or develop panic attacks if you near the site of the accident. Traumatic emotional memories are perhaps the strongest memories and often create long-lasting complications or challenges if not properly handled.

Another common way that emotional memories create patterns is in the case of a panic attack. When you suffer a panic attack, hormones are released in the brain, which creates the muscle tension, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, and trembling associated with a panic attack. After an attack however, your brain remembers the feeling and the physical sensations. Months later, you may be in a crowded store or in an emotionally tense situation when the brain recognizes a physical sensation of tension, which it has seen before during the panic attack. At that point, the brain immediately triggers the "panic attack" memory. If you dwell on the memory of panic, you are quite likely to have another panic attack. Remember: With each emotion or experience, the brain is always searching to see if you have a memory on that topic.

Imagine being stressed-out for six months, almost at the breaking point. You decide to stop by the market to pick up some bread and milk. While in the store, you run into someone you dislike which immediately triggers a memory of how you were threatened and hurt by an argument with that person's husband. That conflict reminds you of this morning's argument with your spouse, which now dominates your concentration and your mood becomes worse. At this point, your brain, already overtaxed, kicks in with a panic attack. You feel your heartbeat race, your breathing becomes shallow and rapid, and you feel as though you are going to have a heart attack. You end up leaving your groceries and running out of the store. You now have compounded the threatening-memory of "this individual" and have created a new panic-memory with a label "market" on it. Therefore, the next time you drive by the market to stop for milk, your brain will pull the panic-memory. You'll develop a feeling - "I can't go in there!" This is exactly how people become agoraphobic, where they become fearful of leaving their home. You fear that the same negative outcomes that arose in the past will occur again. The link between the emotions and your memories is like the umbilical cord. You need to cut it so you can access the memory without the strength of your emotions.

Emotional Memory
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Aaron Karmin MA, LCPC. Through Roosevelt University he holds an advanced certification in stress management which involves teaching six mind-body techniques which enhances relaxation. Aaron has worked at all levels of mental health care from inpatient to outpatient, private to community, not for profit to Fortune 500 executives. He is a highly effective guest lecturer, group therapy leader, and individual therapist who is able to discuss a variety of topics including: Anger Management, Leadership, Relaxation Techniques, Communication Skills, and Goal Setting Strategies.

Aaron recognizes the need for flexibility and creativity to address the mind and body and uses solution-based instructions to promote a healthy lifestyle. His approach to anger management focuses on increasing frustration tolerance and impulse control by understanding triggers, identifying physical cues, recognizing thoughts, considering consequences, implementing solutions, choosing behaviors, and promoting expression. When individuals feel in control of their situations and their lives, their depression and anxiety are replaced with feelings of security, confidence, competence, identity, responsibility, belonging, and self-respect, which is the prerequisite for success at home and at work.

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An Analysis of the Birth-Mark by Nathaniel Hawthorne

As in all of Hawthorne's writings when one finishes reading his stories you come up with more questions than answers. No other writer makes you question like Hawthorne. The philosophical question of what is true perfection and can it be achieved through physical means or is it a state of the spirit is the heart of Nathaniel Hawthorne's story The Birth-Mark.

Aylmer, the main character of the story is a brilliant scientist/alchemist. He posses a belief in "man's ultimate control over nature", and thinks there is nothing man can't master or achieve. His obsession with his wife's small imperfect birth mark, which resembles a hand, begins shortly after they become married. Aylmer is fixated with his wife Georgiana's perfection; he believes that in order for him to experience perfect love, he must have a perfect woman to love. His obsession gradually becomes Georgiana's obsession at which point she becomes so distraught that she tells Aylmer "Remove this dreadful hand, or take my wretched life". Aylmer sits down and tells his wife that there may be risk involved but he is confident that he shall remove the mark and his beautiful bride will be perfect in every way. He sets up comfortable surroundings for his wife described as "beautiful apartments, not unfit to be the secluded abode of a lovely woman". After the alchemist attempts and fails numerous methods for removing the mark from his wife he develops a "perfect elixir" that will without a doubt cure her and make her completely perfect. He administers this elixir and to his great delight sees the cursed hand start to fade and disappear; only to have his wife tell him "Aylmer-dearest Aylmer-I am dying!"

Georgiana achieved perfection in Aylmer's eyes in her dying moments; so did he Aylmer achieve what he set out to accomplish? I believe he did. Aylmer was a man who loved his work; he loved science more than he could ever love any human being. He was a man riddled with his inadequacies and imperfections, and as a result of his low view of himself, he demanded perfection in his wife. This is exhibited when Georgiana is reading out of his ledger which is described as a "sad confession, and continual exemplification, of the short-comings of the composite man". Aylmer was a self serving individual whose only goal is to make his wife perfect for his own sake or perhaps for science's sake. All these things being true; I do believe he loved Georgiana, and in his own bizarre way he wanted her to be perfect for her sake, because he believed that she deserved no less. In his quest for her perfection (which is impossible in the purely material sense) he destroyed her.

An Analysis of the Birth-Mark by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Aylmer's wife Georgiana was at first a happy woman; married to someone she believed to be a great man, until one day her husband tells her that the mark upon her cheek might be removed. This of course is the beginning of her as well as her husband's obsession with removing her one imperfection. The first thing that stuck out in my mind about Georgiana was her undying love, loyalty and desire to please her husband. This was very much a mark of the time. The fact that she would rather die than meet his disapproval I found significant. She seemed to me, to be the ultimate exemplification of love and unselfishness, to an insane level, which is exhibited in the line "You have aimed loftily! - You have done nobly! Do not repent, that, with so high and pure a feeling, you have rejected the best earth could offer." Georgiana does not feel ill towards her husband because she believes his feelings to be those of pure love.

The Birthmark touches on similar themes as Marry Shelly's Frankenstein in the idea that humans can possess a supernatural power to undo and make perfect what is imperfect. Aylmer does not believe in God or the natural laws he created, which is obvious by his belief in man's ultimate control over nature. God created man as a part of nature and we are not above nature but integrated with it. Just as today we are fighting the ethical issues of an increased understanding of science versus what we know to be natural law. Hawthorne's story The Birth Mark is just as relevant today as it was when written in 1843 if not more so. Today we are struggling with issues such as cloning, stem cell research and other aspects of science that seem in contradiction with God's and nature's laws. If confronted with the modern day issues we now face Hawthorne's opinions would probably be the same as he has set forth in this short story; that when man tries to accomplish what he was not intended to accomplish disaster will be the ultimate result. The hand was not only a birthmark but an integral part of Georgiana's soul, and removing this mark in the quest for perfection was her demise.

Hawthorne is telling us that humanity is imperfect, there is no perfection in the physical sense, and the only way to achieve perfection is through the spirit in death. The Christian parallel is clear here; none of us are perfect and the only way to become perfect is to become one with God, in death, which results in our going to heaven. This goes back to what makes us who we are; we are not pure flesh and blood, our psyches and our true selves go so much further beyond that.

Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story The Birth Mark touches on philosophical and ethical issues valid in his time, as well as ours. His work makes us think about what is perfection and is it desirable in the physical state. In the end we discover that if we overstep our bounds and try to make perfect that which is imperfect, death will be the final result, for only in death through God, can we achieve perfection.

by John Schlismann

An Analysis of the Birth-Mark by Nathaniel Hawthorne
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Small Sacrifices by Ann Rule - A True Crime Book Review

Diane Downs brought her car to a stop in front of a Springfield, Oregon, hospital,with her three gravely wounded children beside her. This book is about the shocking tale of a truly unthinkable crime that being of a mother who tried to murder her own children and succeeded in killing one child and leaving two of the children paralyzed.

Ann Rule is brilliant and her books are brilliant. I do not even bother to read what a book is about when I see it is a new release by Ann Rule. I just buy it and I know I will love it.And so far I have not been proven wrong.

This book,Small Sacrifices,will break your heart. I could not stop crying. This book has a special place in my heart. I think this is the only way that I can feel that I am doing my small part in keeping these precious children safe seeing as their own mother was a miserable attention seeker totally oblivious of her children's love, instead seeking the love of any man, especially men who did not want her. To get to her age and still not realise the fulfilment of a child's love is pathetic at best.

Small Sacrifices by Ann Rule - A True Crime Book Review

The first chapter begins with the mother driving to the hospital and reporting her children have been shot. It evolves effortlessly from this to the background of the mother, her early life and her life experiences until the day she appears in hospital with her children shot. Then there is the court case which has drama of its own as this mother continues to live a drama filled life even through this period to the point of being pregnant again when she gets sent to jail. (And then a lesbian affair)You will find it very difficult to put this book down and will try and complete it in one session which is virtually impossible as it is a very thick book. Every page is filled with information and there is very little filler "description of the day" passages. Spell binding,gripping and edge of your seat kind of book.

I had and still have no sympathy for this woman despite her being abused as a child and so forth. This act is unforgivable and nothing will change my opinion. I do not believe in putting any man before my children. There is a part in the book where she says to whatever man? (In surprise) that she thinks she might love her children more than him. That should have raised some red flags.

Basically if you are a mother or parent this book will leave you flabbergasted and emotionally spent.Do not read this book unless you are in the correct state of mind to deal with the many emotions which will run through as you read this book.

It is a good idea to access the opinions of other readers of true crime stories before finally purchasing a book online.

Small Sacrifices by Ann Rule - A True Crime Book Review
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The Solution to Combating Youth Crime in Nigeria

These figures only reconfirm the perception that high growth rates have failed to improve Nigeria's entrenched macro-economic deficiencies, born out of decades of failed governance, mismanagement and conflict. The downstream effects of youth unemployment are fuelling rapid alienation and social unrest across the Nigerian landscape, the immediate symptoms of which are evident in the palpable rise in organised crime, armed insurgency, vandalism and drug trafficking.

The impact of poverty

Human development indices for Africa's second largest economy continue to be appalling despite the country's bountiful resources, escalating oil fortunes and a vigorous reforms programme initiated after the return of democracy in 1999. A 2007 UNDP survey on poverty and extreme deprivation of 108 countries ranked Nigeria at the 80th position, giving it a Human Poverty Index of 37.3 - among the lowest for the entire continent2. Per capita GDP stands at a meager ,400, with 54% of the population living on less than per day3. For a country that earns an estimated .2 million in daily petrodollar revenue, these figures reflect an impudent malaise that has invaded every aspect of Nigerian life.

The Solution to Combating Youth Crime in Nigeria

* 50 million people, most of them women and children, suffer from nutritional deficiencies.
* 10% of Nigerians are malnourished and half the population does not have access to safe drinking water.
* 25% of children below the age of 5 are underweight and 42% display stunted growth.
* Over 3% of adults in the age group 15-49 are infected with HIV/ AIDS4.
* In 1980, the poverty level in Nigerian households with a female head was 27%. The figure rose to 58% by 20015.

The scariest undertone of Nigeria's socio-economic underachievement, by far, is the steady rise in youth crime, nurtured in a climate of increasing national income and the simultaneous failure of employment-generation and poverty alleviation programmes. Armed insurgencies ravaging the oil-rich and volatile Niger Delta region are now competing for space in international headlines with a proliferation of Islamic terrorist offshoots. The season of discontent has especial ramifications for a nation with unemployed millions, and the net effect has been a tragic precipitation of violent crimes: assault, burglary, extortion and kidnapping. Further, decades of social and political turmoil helped turn this strategically located African nation into an established junction for international drug smugglers. Other highlights of Nigeria's prolific crime syndicates are economic fraud - usually in the form of innovative Internet schemes; money laundering and racketeering.

The human impact of this burgeoning criminal activity has been severe. In the country's economic capital Lagos, for instance, 273 civilians and 84 policemen were killed in separate criminal encounters between August 2000 and May 2001. Recent figures are even more disturbing: In 2008 alone, Niger Delta violence claimed 1,000 lives and accounted for 300 abductions, including those of 44 foreign workers.

Providing opportunities

What holds true for Nigeria and most other nations of equivalent human development indicators is the fact that crime is often a means of survival. The idea is corroborated by the preponderance of property offenses across Nigeria - burglary, robbery, fraud etc. So much so that shriveling opportunities for sustainable employment and the resulting surge in crime are two of the biggest hurdles in the way of accelerated economic development. The key challenge for Nigeria's new regime, in the context of its long-term growth prospects, remains the mobilisation of its substantive youth population to lead an entrepreneurial revolution. It is of critical economic as well as social importance on which rests the country's ambitions for sustainable and inclusive growth. The bewildering array of problems hindering the country's successful evolution from third-word stature calls for creative solutions based on a holistic outlook. The following aspects are crucial to any worthwhile government effort aimed at reducing youth crime as part of economic development policy:

* Preserving political stability and effectiveness of democratic institutions to effectively pursue youth and employment revival programmes.

* Improving human development indices, especially per capita income and standard of living, through perseverance policy redirection.

* Enforcing creative poverty alleviation schemes that promote rapid enterprise development in both urban and rural areas.

* Extensively revamping the education system to coincide with local imperatives, especially with regards to vocational training and skill development.

* Fighting institutional corruption and bureaucratic decadence in government agencies for effective policy implementation.

* Rehabilitating criminal elements by equipping them with practical skills and returning them to mainstream activities.

The impediments to entrepreneurial development in Nigeria come primarily in the form of deficient physical infrastructure, poor access to finance and investment and obsolete policy guidelines. The Word Bank recommended as recently as March this year that Abuja liberalise its trade policies as import bans, like one on textile for instance, have only resulted in increased smuggling. The aid agency further suggested the enforcement of a national skills development programme and sharper focus on lifting institutional constraints in high employment businesses in both the formal and informal sectors.

The problem of youth crime in Nigeria is inextricably linked to the state of its economy. High growth figures alone have more than sufficiently proved unequal to tackling inherent imbalances plaguing this nation of untold potential and chronic underachievement. The coming-of-age of Nigeria's economy rests primarily on its ability to harness its substantial youth population and leverage its economic potential for durable, long-term growth.

The Solution to Combating Youth Crime in Nigeria
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100 Domestic Violence Facts

1. Japan is known for being big on video-games, as a matter of fact they even have a "Domestic Violence Video Game.

2. DV, Spousal Abuse and intimate partner abuse statistics come from only two major sources, Agency Data and Survey Data. The problem with the data is that it is biased because it is too varied, complex and partially unvolunteering.

3 Fact: DV shelters funded by the Federal Government are not required to produce information and do not, information about what they do, how many numbers in or out is unknown, statistics and algorythims are not recorded, this does not help determine if domestic violence is rising or decreasing.

100 Domestic Violence Facts

4. Legally and fully married couples report less than 5% of domestic violence calls and are less violent than the more unstable and unbonded relationship.

5. A CDC (center for disease control) survey found that 50 percent of all spousal violence was mutual making Partner aggression two-way.

6. 75% of domestic violence is caused by drug addicts.

7. Pets such as dogs, cats, etc are affected by Domestic Violence just as much as humans.

8. More than 50% of spousal Abusers also abuse their children.

9. Domestic violence occurs in both Religious and NON Religious families.

10. Spousal Abuse occurs in poor, middle class, rich and in wealthy families although lower income families are more likely to experience it.

11. It was illegal for a man to hit his wife after 9 P.M. in London ( meaning it was OK before 9 P.M.) reasoning was that women needed time to rest in order to do house chores.

12. Domestic Violence is a disease as it can be transmitted from one generation to the other.

13. Battered women shelters serve more children than they do women.

14. All Abusers do in fact feel guilt and are afraid of being caught.

15. Statistics on Domestic Violence are not precise, never have been and never will be. However, statistics certainly can become more accurate.

16. Women can indeed support themselves if they leave a domestic violence relationship, even if they believe otherwise. There are many programs available for DV victims.

17. When a victim decides to leave and gets caught is when they are in the most danger.

18. Domestic violence is a leading cause of homelessness nationally.

19. 25 % of all violent crimes reported in the UK are domestic violence related.

20. Domestic Violence claims the life of 2 women a week minimum, based on what is reported.

21. Often it is mocked, deemed foolish and comic when a man claims being a victim of domestic violence, however studies show that men lose their life to domestic violence at similar rates as women do.

22. Certain types of Abusers can be very well liked socially, can seem very nice out of the home debunking any claims the victim may have and making them feel NON-Credible.

23. 63% percent of all murders committed by boys between the ages of 11 through 20 kill their mother's Abuser.

24. Every State in the U.S. has a State coalition against domestic violence.

25. Domestic Violence can happen to anyone, even Oprah was once a victim and celebrities are constantly on the map for it.

26. Prevention and Education of DV is not taught in schools, If you know of a school that does have classes please reply here.

27. Police, Correctional, F.B.I, and High Ranking officials can also be Abuser's of Domestic Violence.

28. Men can be just as afraid of women in intimate partner relationships.

29. Men are less likely to report abuse as victims due to embarrassment, stigmas, credibility and nothing has been done to encourage it.

30. Every 15 seconds a woman is assaulted by a boyfriend her husband or a lover, every 14 seconds the same happens to a man ( FOX 2 NEWS )

31. There are 1500 Shelters for women in the United States and 3500 Animal Shelters, this is true there are more Animal Shelters.

32. Court ordered Domestic Violence courses and classes are not always successful and DO NOT Guarantee the abuse will stop, However it can and does help.

33. Professionals such as, Doctors, Lawyers, Police Officers, Ministers, Psychologists also beat their wives.

34. Stopping an Abuser's Drug and or Alcohol problem will not stop their abusive patterns, they are two separate entities although drug and alcohol use does make abuse more likely.

35. Many assaults are planned, premeditated and can last for hours.

36. Abuser's target NON visible part of the body and even when bruises are visible the victim usually manages to cover up the bruise.

37. An abuser will assault a women in the stomach while she is pregnant as it manipulates the woman drastically as she does not want her baby hurt. This is what I call the 2 in 1, abusing 2 people with one stone.

38. Police presence can make a woman even more vulnerable, because once the police is gone and the couple are back together, the victim will have to pay the consequences.

39. Domestic and Family violence kills just as many women every 5 years as the number of Americans killed in the Vietnam War according to (The Domestic Violence Sourcebook, Berry, 1996)

40. Just 17 states kept data on reported domestic violence offenses in 1991, According to this report: (Senate Judiciary Committee Report, October 1992)

41. Domestic Violence is the leading cause of death of women in the United States of America, According to the US Surgeon General.

42. Among causes of injury to women combined such as muggings, rape, Car Accidents, slips and falls, work related injuries, Battering would be the leader of the pack being the single largest cause of injury to women nationally.

43. 30 % of all Domestic Violence incidents involve weapons.

44. 80% of OHIO prisoners come from homes where domestic violence was an issue, this includes juveniles as well as adults.

45. Domestic Violence is not an anger control, however the victim may be led to believe so.

46. Children are aware of the DV in their home, even if it is hidden.

47. It is a crime and it is against the law to harass or physically harm another human being.

48. The U.S economy suffers a loss of up to 0 Million Dollars a year in Medical Expenses and between and Billion Dollars in missing work or sick days annually.

49. 22% percent of all Divorces in middle-class relationships are due to violence (EAP Digest November/December 1991)

50. Family Violence or Spousal Abuse is a secretive crime and can be a very well kept secret for years if not permanently.

51. Pregnant women that are battered are more likely to have babies with defects,low birth weights and even miscarriages.

52. Babysitters, Housekeepers, Gardeners, Caregivers, Guardians, Godparents, Butlers, and or sleepover friends are not exempt from domestic violence, no one is.

53. local law enforcements are not required or mandated to maintain data on the relationship between victim and offender except in the case of murder.

54. Until 1984 advising the Male partner to "take a walk around the block" was usually as much as police could legally do when responding to a domestic violence call.

55. It was in 1984 that the United States Attorney General suggest that automatic arrest become standard when responding to a domestic violence call.

56. Non Cooperation of the victim during abuser prosecution is too often the cause for dismissal of abuse cases, however some states no longer require the victim to follow through and now continue prosecution when enough evidence allows. This is know as the no-drop policy.

57. Abusers may use legal and or illegal drugs to spike a victim's food or drink in order to further manipulate them and make them more vulnerable.

58. There are actually countries that do not have a domestic abuse law or crime bracket, for example in Scotland there is no crime known as Domestic Abuse.

59. Insurance companies treat Domestic Violence as a pre-existing condition. Meaning if you're husband beats you either you can be turned down for insurance or you may have to pay a much higher insurance premium.

60. Domestic Violence can be that of a slavery setting, where the victim works and the abuser reaps the benefits and controls every aspect of the victim's lifestyle.

61. In any given Domestic Abuse Case 95% of the times The male partner is arrested.

62. Domestic violence is an under reported crime Only approximately 25 percent of all physical assaults, and 50 percent of all stalkings perpetuated against females by intimate partners are reported.

63. Over one Million of Domestic Violence allegations are false.

64. In 7 out of 10 cases women were the aggressors of an Abuser/Abusee relationship where there male partner did not re-act physically According to a national survey on partner aggression Published by the Centers for Disease Control in May 2007.

65. Men and women commit domestic violence at similar rates according to Professor Linda Kelly of The Indiana State University School of Law.

66. Women who experience domestic violence first hand are more likely to get sick in their latter years, sick as in suffering from asthma, getting a stroke, 70% chance of having heart disease and a chance of turning to substance abuse or heavy drinking.

67. Domestic and sexual violence are known to involve the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases such as H.I.V. etc

68. The majority of women who have been victims of spousal abuse become less negotiating about practicing safe sex or using protection with future partners.

69. Many Abuser's have no criminal history or crime record and can seem harmless, kind and family oriented.

70. Undocumented immigrant victims are somehow more vulnerable to abuse, because of their partner's documented legal status, making them less likely to seek help due to deportation threats made by their abusers.

71. Women use violence to resolve conflict in intimate relationships just as often as men according to a well-publicized study conducted by Dr. Murray Strauss of the University of New Hampshire.

72. Abuser's with Legal U.S. Citizenship many times deter their victims from gaining U.S. Citizenship/legal status to keep them isolated.

73. A host of different women from Hispanic backgrounds such as Mexico and Columbia are lead to believe that Domestic Violence is acceptable because of their Macho like cultures.

74. Undocumented Immigrants often do not trust the American Legal system when it comes to domestic abuse because of their fear of deportation, also the reason why they will stay in such relationships longer.

75. Men are less likely to view partner aggression towards them as a crime, another reason why men don't come forward.

76. A high number of women become victims due to them first initializing an assault towards their husband or partner.

77. Women are more likely to report abuse then men are as victims.

78. Domestic Violence does not appear on the U.S. Department Of Health and Human Services list of leading causes of injury. However, accidental slips and falls, over exertion and car accidents are.

79. The cost of domestic violence towards men us "UNKNOWN" however the cost of domestic violence towards women is .8 Billion according to the center for disease control but supposedly Billion from other sources.

80. Automatic mandatory arrest laws escalate, not reduce, the risk of successful partner violence, because when abusers are let loose they are known to retaliate.

81. The claimed fact that women lose Million days of paid work is actually reversed, this is the total amount of lost days in monies Men lose each year not women, do the math.

82. 71% of kids killed by a parent were killed by their mothers, according to Data from the Department of Health and Human Services.

83. Domestic violence facts and statistics are amongst the most misleading, mythical, railroaded, un-informative and farse facts and statistics ever. Much trickory and deception is used in the numbers brought forward.

84. BWS or Battered Women's Syndrome first came about in the 1970's. This alleged syndrome helped and cushioned women who murdered their husbands, boyfriends, or lovers. It was also used to justify why they killed their partners.

85. Major Holidays aren't any better for victims than they are for Abusers, Thanksgiving and Christmas raises tension and stress in domestic abuse relationships due to the victims yearning want to see his or her family and the abuser just not allowing it.

86. Abusers tend to deplete their victim's bank accounts and destroy their credit to make them less versatile and more dependent on their abusers.

87. A staggering number of victims do not know what domestic abuse is, nor do they know that they are living it. Even when they have a sense that something's wrong, they do not see the abuse coming as it stems and grows, it is why they say love is blind.

88. Spousal and Domestic Abuse rates are not their highest on Super Bowl Sunday than any other single day of the year. Not all men are into football, as a matter of fact men usually are not with their female partners on that day.

89. The reason or reasons why victims stay in such relationships is or are limited financial funds to get out and move, fear of making the abuse worst if caught leaving, and immunity to the abuse, there is an old saying "we like what we know, but we are afraid of what we don't know"

90. A century 100 Years Ago it was legal for the husband to beat his wife in the UK given that he only used a stick no thick in width than his thumb.

91. Domestic Violence occurs in absolutely all races and ethnic groups to any gender regardless of age.

92. If battering and abuse is not decreasing, its increasing and tends to develop over time.

93. Abusive women have used domestic violence as a tool to arrest and intimidate their male partners by making false claims that her husband assaulted her. With the new domestic abuse laws of mandatory arrest on a domestic abuse call this is an easy one for women to pull. ( Ladies don't get any ideas, if you're husband treats you well, be nice to him )

94. A study on dating couples determined that 70 percent of all physical abuse was inflicted by both parties.

95. Blind, deaf, handicapped and mentally retarded persons are also subject to abuse one way or another.

96. Military domestic violence statistics show that the army had the higher incidents of all the services Marines, Navy, and Air Force following in order.

97. Technology has played a major role in domestic abuse recently. For example Abusers use Email, tracking devices, cell phones etc, to monitor their victims where abouts. Victimized Men have also incorporated the use of technology in the form of surveillance to record and prove that their spouse was indeed abusing them.

98. Written policies, standards, protocols are a must by all law enforcement when responding to any domestic disputes.

99. A victim does not have the option to choose whether they can press charges or drop the charges once an arrest is made. The state takes over the case and follows prosecution.

100. A protective order, Order of protection, stay away order, restraining order, emergency protective restraining order whether temporary or permanent does not guarantee solid protection for a victim, especially since victims tend to allow the abuser to contact them after an arrest or the abuser may stalk the victim. However an automatic mandatory arrest is made if authorities are made aware that the perpetrator has violated such court order.

100 Domestic Violence Facts
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Beth Ross is a moderator at http://www.domestic-violence-online-center.com/ voluntarily helps with the forum and contributes content for the site. Having gone through domestic abuse in her past, Beth now passes on what she knows on her free time.

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Baby Snatcher - The True Story That Inspired the Movie Starring Veronica Hamel

The Kidnapping

In February 1988, Cora Abbott, 27, found herself having to return to work after a six weeks maternity leave. She put an ad in the local newspaper advertising for a babysitter's position in her home. As the grandmother cared for baby Rachael, a young woman, 38 year old Maritza Rentz, came by to interview for the babysitter's position. The grandmother was quite impressed with Maritza. She seemed like the perfect choice, but while the grandmother stepped out of the room momentarily, Maritza simply walked out of the house with the child in arms. The grandmother quickly returned, and to her horror, discovered that the 4 week old infant had been kidnapped. On Sunday, February 21, Cora Abbott pleaded for her daughter's return. "No one can love her like we do..." I need her back here. She belongs to us," pleaded Abbott.

The Search and Rescue

Baby Snatcher - The True Story That Inspired the Movie Starring Veronica Hamel

The neighbors and coworkers couldn't figure it out. There was something really strange about Maritza and this so called pregnancy. It was obvious that she had been pregnant the previous fall, but no one had noticed her being pregnant within the last few months. But no one said a word. Not one word until the news of Rachael Ann White's disappearance hit the front pages of the local newspaper and the 6 o'clock news. Then everything clicked, the pregnancy, the strange behavior, and the 4 day old baby, who looked at least a month old. Maritza. It had to be Maritza. After 4 days, the police swarmed the quiet suburban neighborhood and the home of Paul and Maritza Rentz. She was in her vehicle leaving for work when she was quickly taken into custody. The baby was found in the crib unharmed. The FBI checked her naval and found that the umbilical cord had already fallen off indicating the baby to be older than 4days old. A false birth certificate had also been found. It was a happy and tearful reunion as Cora Abbott embraced her beautiful baby girl. Life would be somewhat difficult because Abbott wouldn't be able to forget the nightmare of having her baby snatched from her own home. How would she ever be able to fully trust anyone or leave her daughter even for a moment ever again?

The Arrest

Maritza Rentz, trying to save her third marriage was desperate to conceive a child to make her happy. When her pregnancy had to be terminated medically she felt that her husband Paul would leave her, so she etched out a plan to take another baby and raise it as her own. She almost backed out of the plan many times, but upon seeing the baby she felt that God wanted her to take the baby. Maritza Rentz was charged with posing as a babysitter and second degree kidnapping. She was held on ,000 bond. She was ordered to stand trial in April of that same year. She was arrested again a few weeks later for buying an international driver's license. It appeared that Rentz had plans to leave the country. Her bond was then raised to 0,000. While being held at El Paso County Jail, Rentz tried to commit suicide and was placed in Colorado State Hospital. Rachael Ann White's grandmother, Evelyn Reed, felt sorry for Rentz, and she asked to see her. She said that she felt that everyone had turned their back on her, even her husband, Air Force Captain, Paul Rentz. So she wanted to tell the lonely woman that she forgives her for what she did. Reed's daughter, Cora Abbott offered no comment on the matter. In May of 1988, charges were dropped against Paul Rentz. Rentz had been suspected of helping his wife plan the abduction, but they were not able to find sufficient evidence that he had any prior knowledge of the events that took place. On May, 17, Maritza plead guilty "by reason of impaired mental condition." Later the same month she was offered a plea bargain which would allow her to plead guilty to two charges, criminal impersonation and second degree kidnapping. In September, 1988, she was given probation instead of jail time and sentenced to one year in a psychiatric hospital in San Antonio, TX, to be near her mother Coralia Beato. In January, 1989, after only 4 months in Villa Maria psychiatric hospital, she was released to a halfway house in San Antonio, Texas. In the meantime, back in Colorado, Cora Abbott and her family were simply terrified. She was unable to work for fear of leaving little Rachael. In January, 1990, she decided to file suit against Maritza Beato. The suit was settled in January of the next year. The terms of the agreement were not disclosed. Maritza Beato Rentz never once showed an ounce of remorse for her crime.

Update

I had the chance to speak with Cora Abbott about how life has been since the kidnapping. She said that she is doing really well. She is remarried and still living in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Her daughter Rachael is all grown up and is in College to be a psychologist. She is almost finished with her studies. After the kidnapping, Cora decided to open a home day care in an effort to keep her children close to her. She has been in business for the past 20 years. She is no longer a part of the organization Families of Missing Children, but she does do a lot of private work. I asked her how close the movie was to real life. She said that there were some differences, notably, the way in which the police were portrayed in a very nonchalant manner. In real life they were ruthless, yet "we understood why" she says. It was because at the time they had many family members in law enforcement. Cora watches the movie Baby Snatcher occasionally because she has it on tape. ()Paul and Maritza divorced after the incident. But Maritza went on to bigger and better things. She passed away recently. She became an activist, investigative reporter, and editor. She became huge in the Cuban American community in Miami, Florida. She had many enemies because she was very critical and exposed the criminal behavior of several influential people in Miami. She died without anyone knowing who she really was.

Baby Snatcher - The True Story That Inspired the Movie Starring Veronica Hamel
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Movies Based on True Stories Database

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Hypnosis And Memory - Hypnosis And Forgetting

As a clinical hypnotherapist, I occasionally receive requests from my clients to help them remember something they've forgotten, or to help them forget something they no longer wish to remember. It's not always possible or advisable to fulfill these requests. The idea of using hypnotherapy to manipulate memory is more complex than most people realize. The general public seems to have much confusion on the subject. I'd like to clear that confusion with this article.

Remembering

First, let's talk about whether hypnosis can facilitate memory. People want to remember things they have forgotten for a number of often legitimate reasons. Here are some reasons I've heard:

Hypnosis And Memory - Hypnosis And Forgetting

People want to remember where they left some item that they cannot find.

People want to search through their past to discover the original cause of seemingly inexplicable and troubling emotions, thought patterns, or behaviors. This is often the case when people suspect they may have suppressed memories of childhood abuse, or when people want to explore "past lives". Many believe that by uncovering the "cause" of the problems, they will be "cured" or at least they will understand themselves more fully.

People want to remember what happened when they have a "gap" in time. For example, during a fever, or while inebriated, or under the effects of certain drugs, people may lose memory. When they recover their senses, they might wonder what happened while their minds were incapacitated.

In legal cases, people may want to remember the details of a crime they have witnessed, in order to give a more accurate report to the police or more complete testimony to the courts. In legal cases, forensic hypnotherapy is often employed by hypnotherapists specifically trained in eliciting information for legal purposes.

Can hypnosis really help in these kinds of cases? The answer is "Well, sometimes yes and sometimes no." It is a myth that the human brain stores every memory of everything that has ever occurred to the individual. There is no scientific way to prove that every memory is stored intact for a lifetime. It is far more likely and logical to conclude that the brain maintains memories based on whether they are recent, useful and frequently recalled, and eventually deletes those that are not. This theory makes sense due to the fact that most of us forget far more than we remember. It would simply overload the brain to have to remember every detail of every waking moment of our lives.

Another myth is that memories are stored accurately and intact. Memory erodes and changes over time. Memory is almost never completely accurate. The mind retains bits and pieces of memories and then fills in the rest. Memory blurs and changes over time. The ability to accurately remember is affected by many variables, such as the meaning of the event, and your mental and emotional state at the time. You might recall your vacation in vivid detail, if it was just last week. How well do you remember a vacation you took ten years ago? Just because someone "remembers" an event via hypnosis doesn't mean the memory is accurate or complete.

Hypnotherapy may or may not be effective in retrieving a memory. One person may recover a memory in just one session of hypnotherapy, while another may require several sessions. The ability to recover a memory in hypnosis depends on a number of factors. One factor is the client's degree of hypnotizability. Hypnotizability (the ability to access the hypnotic state) varies among individuals. Another factor is the motivation of the client. A client may be less amenable to hypnosis if he or she feels conflicted about recovering the memory. For example, suppose an individual want to remember the details of early childhood abuse at the hands of an unknown assailant, and at the same time, suspects or fears that the assailant may be revealed as a loved family member. A person wanting to reveal what happened during a "gap" in time may worry that he or she will remember something embarrassing or shameful.

Another factor is the skill of the hypnotherapist. Hypnotherapists do best when they can put their clients at ease, adjust procedures to the needs and preferences of the client, and maintain the flexibility to work with a wide variety of client personalities. Hypnotherapists must also have a repertoire of trance-induction methods so that if a client is not responsive to one method, another method can be used.

Finally, when it comes to recovering memories, the hypnotherapist must be careful with wording the instructions and questions to the client in trance. The hypnotherapist should make every effort to avoid "leading" instructions or "presuppositional" questions. Let's say, for example, that during hypnotic regression, the client reports a memory of being in a room with an adult and feeling afraid. At the point, it would be inappropriate for the hypnotherapist to say, "Give me the name of this man" The instruction assumes that the person is a man, and that the client should know his name, when perhaps neither is the case. An example of a presuppositional question might be, "Where did he touch you?" when it hasn't been established that the client was touched at all. A more neutral question would be "And then what happened?"

Careless wording in hypnotherapy may lead to a phenomenon called "false memory." False memory occurs when the client produces a memory of something that did not happen, and believes it to be true, especially since it emerged during hypnosis. Just because a memory emerges in hypnosis, does not make it true. Some clients are very compliant in hypnosis and are likely to go along with leading instructions and presuppositional questions, producing inaccurate recall. Even with the most scrupulous instructions and questions, false memories can emerge. Sometimes clients want to remember something so badly that the mind actually fabricates a memory to satisfy the desire. A hypnotherapist should never vouch for the accuracy of truthfulness of a memory that a client produces through hypnotherapy.

In the case of remembering events that may constitute the origin of troubling behaviors, thoughts or emotions, there are additional considerations. First, when no memory emerges, it doesn't mean nothing happened, and it doesn't mean the individual cannot change. People make significant changes in their lives without always understanding the origins of their problems. Second, human problems might result from other factors, not just past events. Biology, cultural influences, brain chemistry, and genetics can play a role. Third, sometimes the basis of the problem is an omission--and no memory exists for something that didn't happen. A lack of validation and affection can be as emotionally damaging to a child as criticism and belittling.

Finally, when it comes to lost memory, perhaps it is a survival mechanism that the mind can mercifully block out a memory of trauma or tragedy. I recently met a man who asked my professional opinion about this. His niece was assaulted in her home by an intruder, who beat her severely. After months of medical care and recovery, she is doing well, with no memory of what happened that night. Her psychiatrist concluded that it is unnecessary for her to recall the trauma, and to insist that she do so would be unkind and perhaps unethical. Did I agree? Under the circumstances, yes.

Forgetting

Next, allow me to discuss how hypnosis can facilitate forgetting and the ethical considerations involved. Over the years I've had a few clients tell they wanted hypnotherapy in order to forget something painful. It can be done. Again, hypnotizability, motivation, and rapport are all factors in how well someone can be hypnotized and how completely one will follow the instruction to forget something.

Stage hypnotists often give their volunteers instructions for temporary amnesia--say, failure to recall one's address, or middle name, or the number between six and eight. As long as the instruction is not threatening, the hypnotized individual will often comply. At the end of the show, the stage hypnotist always tells the volunteer that he or she will once more recall the information.

Hypnotherapy is different. The goal is not to entertain, but to change people's lives for the better. I've had mainly two types of requests for forgetting. One I often encounter is from someone who has just gone through a painful break-up. One man told me that the thought of his former girlfriend caused him so much anguish that he wanted to totally erase her memory from his mind. I've also met some people who have told me they want to forget that they ever smoked, so they can stop smoking and never be tempted so smoke again.

In every case, I have refused on ethical grounds. Here's why. The mind stores information like a database stores data. Much of the information is cross-linked to other pieces of information. Delete one category of information and other, cross linked information becomes incomplete and confusing. Associative memories may be lost as well. Suppose Joe does forget Jane via hypnosis. What happens when he encounters her one day on the street and she begins to talk about her memories of their relationship? What happens when he finds a card or letter in his drawer with her signature at the bottom? Suppose Sam forgets he was ever a smoker, but can't account for the lighters in his desk and briefcase. Will Joe and Sam think they are going crazy?

It's not a good idea to purposely remove memories, even painful ones. Besides, there are other ways to get over a break-up or stop smoking. It's still possible for hypnotherapy to help in both cases.

Conclusion

Tampering with memory via hypnosis is a delicate and uncertain business. There are no guarantees. Please understand this when you go looking for a hypnotherapist to help you remember something. Additionally, for your own piece of mind, don't ask a hypnotherapist help you to forget something of vital significance in your life.

Hypnosis And Memory - Hypnosis And Forgetting
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Dr. Judith E. Pearson is a licensed pyschotherapist, counselor and life coach with a private practice in Springfield, Virginia. She is a Certified Trainer of Neuro-Linguistic Programming, and Certified Master Clinical Hypnotherapist, a speaker and a free-lance writer. Her most recent book is Why Do I Keep Doing This?!! End Bad Habits, Stress, and Negativity with Self-hypnosis and NLP. Her web site is http://www.habitmaven.com.

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Famous Killers - Prominent Murderers of the 1800s

Throughout history, murderers have always seemed to rivet the attention of the public. Hapless victims, their calculated killers, and all the gruesome details of the crime seem to fascinate most people, and the trials are oftentimes sensational events that attract the masses. Killers committing their heinous crimes during the 19th century were no different than the ones of today, but a few of these criminals stand out in history.

Champ Ferguson - The story of Champ Ferguson is set in the mountains of Tennessee during the height of the American Civil War. For reasons not completely clear, Ferguson became a staunch supporter of the Rebel cause; some say Union soldiers raped his wife and daughter, while others say that the Confederacy promised him clemency on an existing murder charge if he promised his support. Whatever his reasons were, Ferguson became one of the most notorious and feared guerrillas in Tennessee, and also one of the most prolific killers of Union soldiers and supporters in the area. Noted for his sadistic tendencies when he found a new victim, Ferguson is estimated to have killed over 100 people, though he was only tried for the murders of 53. Ferguson was arrested and tried for murder in May of 1865, creating something of a spectacle for a public eager to see him sentenced to death. Though Ferguson freely admitted to committing the many murders, he maintained that his acts were part of military activities and he only killed those who would have killed him. Ferguson was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to hang on October 20, 1865. His death closed the chapter of one of the South's most notorious guerrilla fighters, feared by some and revered by others.

H. H. Holmes - Known by many as America's first documented serial killer, H. H. Holmes is responsible for the deaths of as many as 100 people, though he confessed to only 27 of those murders. Born in New Hampshire in 1860 under the name Herman Webster Mudgett, Holmes is best known for the time he spent in Chicago during the World's Fair in 1893. After graduating from medical school in Michigan, Holmes moved to Chicago to practice pharmacy. Dispensing medicine, however, was not high on his priority list, and instead he became involved in a number of shady business deals swindling people out of their money. In 1893, construction began on The Castle, which would serve as his home/office, a hotel for visitors to the fair, and ultimately, his killing grounds. The building was three stories high, covered an entire city block, and had a floorplan that would confound even the most experienced architect. The third floor was a sort of labyrinth, with windowless rooms, doors opening to nowhere, stairs leading to nowhere, and many more oddities. This was where Holmes committed his murders, torturing his victims and sending their bodies down secret passageways to the basement where they were either burned or dissected and sold to medical schools. When the World's Fair concluded, Holmes left Chicago looking for more opportunities to increase his wealth and his victim count. When he was caught in an insurance fraud scheme with his associate Benjamin Pitezel, who he had killed along with three of Pitezel's children, Holmes was tracked and finally arrested in Boston. After his arrest, The Castle was searched and authorities began uncovering evidence of some of the most gruesome crimes ever committed. After a trial lasting only five days, Holmes was convicted of murder and sentenced to the gallows on May 7, 1896. The story of H. H. Holmes is perhaps one of the most disturbing, yet fascinating, ventures into the mind of a killer.

Famous Killers - Prominent Murderers of the 1800s

Octavius Barron - While Octavius Barron didn't earn quite as much notoriety as the two killers above, he is notable because at the young age of 18, he was responsible for the first murder in the city of Rochester, New York. William Lyman was a respected man in the city, with a successful job and growing family. On the night of October 20, 1837, he left his office to return home to his wife and four children. He never made it. As Lyman walked toward his house, he was shot in the back of the head at point blank range, robbed of several hundred dollars, and left dead in an alley. Hearing the shot, a young boy living in a house nearby alerted his father, who then called police. While authorities were busy collecting evidence at the crime scene, Barron was at the local tavern waving Lyman's money around and boasting of the murder to his friends. It didn't take long for this cavalier attitude to come to an end, however, as Barron was arrested just hours after pulling the trigger. The case against him was strong, and as he was already known around town as being a habitual gambler and drinker, the young man was easily convicted of the murder. Octavius Barron hung for his crime on June 7, 1838, and with his death justice was served. But the tale doesn't stop here; though William Lyman's life had ended, his story continued.

You can learn more about Octavius Barron, William Lyman, and the surprising details of these men's fates in the documentary "Visions: True Stories of the Supernatural" by Ad-Hoc Productions. Go to http://www.ad-hoc-productions.com/trailers.html for more information.

Famous Killers - Prominent Murderers of the 1800s
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Michael Keene is the award-winning producer of several independent historical films including Visions: True Stories of the Supernatural.

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